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COVID-19 | Public Health & Policy

Innovative screening tests for COVID-19 in South Korea

Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine 2020;7(2):73-77.
Published online: April 16, 2020

1Department of Emergency Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea

2Department of Emergency Medicine, Ewha Womans University, Shool of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

3Department. of Oncology & Hematology, H Plus Yangji General Hospital, Seoul, Korea

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Correspondence to: Sangchun Choi Department of Emergency Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 Worldcup-ro Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea E-mail: avenue59@ajou.ac.kr
• Received: March 31, 2020   • Revised: April 8, 2020   • Accepted: April 13, 2020

Copyright © 2020 The Korean Society of Emergency Medicine

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/).

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Innovative screening tests for COVID-19 in South Korea
Image Image Image
Fig. 1. The Drive-through (DT) testing site.1) Registration: Healthcare staff assists the check-in process.K 2) Medical exam: Healthcare staff records testee’s symptoms, personal information, and epidemiologic association. The staff completes this process using a mobile phone without making contact with the testee. If the testee is suspected of coronavirus infection, his/her samples are collected before he/she gets transferred to a designated hospital. 3) Collection of specimens: Healthcare staff leans over the open window for naso- and oro-pharyngeal swabs, and then the testee closes his/her car windows to collect his/her sputum specimen. Car ventilation is set at the “recirculation” mode to minimize the risk of infection for healthcare workers. After receiving the samples, the healthcare staff puts on a new vinyl apron and disinfects his/her hands using alcohol-based hand sanitizer. 4) Discharge instructions: The testee gets the information about how to check the test result and is asked to self-quarantine until further notice regarding the outcome. Instructions are also provided regarding what the testee should do if his/her symptoms get worse.
Fig. 2. The Walk-through (WT) test using the negative pressure booth. (Top) Flow diagram of the testing, and (Bottom) a picture of four “safe assessment and fast evaluation technical booths.”1 & 2) Patient registration and waiting in the reception area: A one-stop kiosk assists the check-in process, reducing the risk of infection for both the healthcare staff and the testee. 3) Patient exam: Healthcare staff records testee’s symptoms, personal information, and epidemiologic association. The staff can complete this process using a mobile phone or a Personal Computer (PC) system. 4) Collection of specimens and discharge instructions: The testee enters the clean booth once the check-in process is complete. The testee stays inside the negative pressure booth, while the healthcare staff is outside the booth the whole time. The booth was designed with transparent walls, one of which has a pair of long gloves for a healthcare worker to use to make naso- and oro-pharyngeal swabs. The testee collects the sputum sample by himself/herself in the closed booth. The testee then receives information about how to check the test result and how to self-quarantine. Instructions are also provided regarding what the testee should do if his/her symptoms get worse. After the exit of the testee, the booth gets ventilated and disinfected for 2 minutes the first time and 10 minutes after that.
Fig. 3. The Walk-through (WT) test using the positive pressure booth [7].1) Medical exam: Healthcare staff records testee’s symptoms, personal information, and epidemiologic association. The booth is installed in a tent or a container house separated from the hospital. The staff can complete this process using a mobile phone without making contact with the testees. If the testee is suspected of coronavirus infection, his/her samples are collected before he/she gets transferred to a designated hospital. 2) Collection of specimens: The tester enters into the positive pressure booth and stays inside, while the testee is outside. The booth is designed with transparent walls, one of which has a pair of long gloves for a healthcare worker to use to make naso- and oro-pharyngeal swabs. The testee collects the sputum sample by himself/herself outside the booth. 3) Discharge instructions: The testee receives the information about how to check the testing result and is asked to self-quarantine until further notice regarding the outcome. Instructions are also provided regarding what the testee should do if his/her symptoms get worse.
Innovative screening tests for COVID-19 in South Korea
DT testing WT testing
Negative pressure booth type Positive pressure booth type
Pros • Efficiency • Efficiency • Efficiency
- Testing can be completed within 15 min. - Testing can be completed in about 20 min. - Testing can be completed in about 15 min.
• Privacy protection • Reduced risk of infection • Reduced risk of infection
- The testee remains in his/her car during the entire process. - Disinfection and ventilation of the booth should be done after every use, and it can be done with relative ease. - No need for disinfection and ventilation of the booth
• Reduced risk of infection - Healthcare staffs don’t make any direct contact with the testees. - Healthcare staffs don’t make any direct contact with the testees.
- Tests are conducted outdoors. • Prevent excessive use of medical supplies • Prevent excessive use of medical supplies
- The car provides isolation to the testee. - The booth walls separate healthcare staff from testees, so the use of medical supplies is reduced. - The booth walls separate healthcare staff from testees, so the use of medical supplies is reduced.
• No additional equipment • Reduced workload • Reduced workload
- There is no need for an extra isolation room or negative pressure room. - The workload for conducting the WT tests is less than the DT tests. - The workload for conducting the WT tests is less than the DT test.
• Robustness of method • Test more patients
- The booth is installed close or next to the hospital unit, so testing is less likely to be affected by adverse weather conditions. - Testing service is accessible even to non-drivers.
• Test more patients - It is possible to test multiple patients at once using more than one clean booth.
- Testing service is accessible even to non-drivers.
- It is possible to test multiple patients at once using more than one clean booth.
Cons • Medical consumerism • Medical consumerism • Medical consumerism
- A patient may get tested at multiple testing sites, which can be seen as promoting medical consumerism. - A patient may get tested at multiple testing sites, which can be seen as promoting medical consumerism. - A patient may get tested at multiple testing sites, which can be seen as promoting medical consumerism.
• Additionally required supports • Risk of infection • Risk of infection
- Healthcare staffs will benefit from a support person who helps with writing orders and filling out medical records. - The risk of infection exists for the testees while he/she is waiting for the test in a reception area, especially if overcrowded. - The risk of infection exists for healthcare staff for any equipment failure, such as when the gloves tear.
- The testing site should be in the areas that are less populated but close enough to the hospital for future follow-up. - The risk of infection exists for healthcare staff for any kind of equipment failures, such as glove tears or perforation. • Adverse weather conditions
• Worker fatigue - Adverse weather conditions may complicate outdoors testing.
- Healthcare staff fatigue due to excessive workload. Working outdoors >2 hours wearing the high-level PPE can tire the staff to the level of fatigue, so taking frequent breaks is recommended. [6]
• Risk of infection
- The risk of infection exists related to possible handling errors of samples.
- Healthcare staff may lose attention when changing gowns or gloves due to fatigue.
• Testing capacity limitations
- Non-drivers cannot use the testing service.
- Cross-infection may occur between the driver and the passenger, so only one person/driver at a time should be tested per vehicle.
• Adverse weather conditions
- Adverse weather conditions may complicate outdoors testing.
• Cost
- The initial cost of the installation of a test site can be relatively high.
Table 1. Pros and cons of Drive-through (DT) and Walk-through (WT) test for COVID-19